Leksion Chamoru: I attikulon I / Si / Iya

The article i/si/iya is probably the most used in Chamorro. The more technical way to describe it is as a focus marking particles, and grammarians/linguists might describe it as an active voice marker. However, for the rest of us it usually translates to "the." I and si both function the same way, but si is only used with proper names/titles, and iya is only used with proper place names.

The idea of "focus" is that in the subject and/or object positions of a sentence there must always be at least a main concept. The "focus" in the subject position is always the subject itself, and the "focus" in the object position we usually call the direct object in English grammar. That might sound complicated, but it boils down to the general rule that we use i/si/iya with the subjects and direct objects of a sentence. Here are some examples to help clarify:

• Dånkolo i gima'. = The house is big.
  The subject in this case is the "house" so in Chamorro we precede it by the article i. There is no object in this sentence.
• Humånao i patgon. = The child went.
  The subject in this sentence is "child" so we use the article i. Once again there is no object. 
• Ha chule' i lepblo. = He took the book.
  The subject here is unspecified and only a pronoun is used, so it doesn't need a marker. However, the object "book" does need one, so we use i.
• I taotao ha sangåni yo'. = The person told me.
  The subject here is "person" so we use i, and the object is a pronoun  so we do not need an article in Chamorro.
• I biha ha fa'nå'gue i patgon. = The old woman taught the child.
  In this case we have "old woman" and "child" in the subject and object case, respectively, so we use the article i in both cases. 

The above examples are relatively simple sentences in Chamorro, the the concept still holds in more complicated ones as well. Here are some examples with indirect objects thrown in.

• Lini'e' i patgon ni ma'estra. = The child was seen by the teacher.
  In this the subject is the "child" so we use the article i. The "teacher" is more or less used as a modifier in this sentence, to help us understand how the child was seen. In Chamorro we would treat "teacher" as a non-focus of the sentence. 
• I palao'an ha chule'guan i asagua-ña ni yabi-ña. = The lady (accidentally) took her husband's keys.
  Here we have a subject and two objects. The subject is "lady" so we use i. The direct object of the verb "chule'guan" is the "husband," so use use "i" in front of "asagua-ña."
• I tata na sangåni i lahi-ña ni estoria. = The father told his son the story.
  The "father" and "son" are subject and direct object, respectively, so we, therefore, use i in both cases. The "story" is an indirect object.

If we were to use proper names or titles in any of the above examples, we would use "si" instead of "i." And if we were to use a proper place name, we would use "iya." For example:

• Dånkolo si Juan. = John is big
  The subject is "John," and since "John" is a proper name we use si.
• Humånao si Maria. = Maria went.
  Once again the subjet is a proper name, so we use si.
• Dikike' na isla iya Guåhan. = Guam is a small island.
  The subjet here is "Guam," the proper place name of the island, so we use iya rather than i or si.

In all honesty the word iya is falling into disuse in modern Chamorro, but it's still perfectly acceptable to use. You can impress all the elders by saying "Bunitu iya Guåhan" rather than "Bunitu Guåhan." 

Leksion Chamorro: I attikulon "nu/as"

The article "nu" is arguably the most confusing article within Chamorro coming from an English speaking viewpoint. Sometimes nu is translated as "about," "with," "by," etc., but sometimes there is no compatible English word.

Technically, nu is a non-focus marking particle. Meaning, nu is a particle that precedes a nouns when it's not the "focus" of a sentence/clause, whereas i/si mark the "focus" of the sentence/clause. Nu often occurs as ni, a contraction of nu + i; nu also occurs as the particle as when the non-focus is a proper noun (i.e.: when the particle si would otherwise be used). I'll try to explain it in a little more detail.

In any Chamorro sentence there must be a focus, which we mark with the articles i/si. For example:

1. Hu ina i chalan. = I lit the road.
2. Ha sångåni i ga'chong-ña. = He told his friend.
3. Ma nå'i i patgon. = They gave the child (something).
4. Manmåsångåni i famagu'on. = The children were told.
5. Mågåggao i nana. = The mother was asked.
6. Måleffa si Maria. = Maria forgot.

Sometimes, there is some sort of modifier or explanation in the sentence, along with the main focus. Adjusting the above examples, we get:

1. Hu ina i chalan ni kandet. = I lit the road with the light.
2. Ha sångåni i ga'chong-ña ni bidå-ña. = He told his friend about his deed.
3. Ma nå'i i patgon nu regålu. = They gave the child a gift.
4. Manmåsångåni i famagu'on ni estoria. = The children were told a story.
5. Mågåggao i nana nu kande. = The mother was asked for candy.
6. Måleffa si Maria as Jose = Maria forgot about Joe.

In exmaple 1 the "light" isn't what's being lit, so it cannot be the focus of the verb ina. However, it explained how the road was lit, so we call that the non-focus of the verb.

In example 2 "his friend" is spoken to, and the "deed" is being talked about. So, the "deed" is the non-focus of the verb sångåni.

In example 5 the "mother" was asked, so she is the focus of the verb mågåggao. The non-focus of the verb is "candy," since it explains what she was being asked for.

Lastly, in example 6 "Maria" forgets, and we see that "Joe"explains who she forgot.

Leksion Chamoru: I mas fondamento na estrukturan Chamoru (The most basic Chamorro structure)

One of the most basic of all sentence structures in Chamorro is what I will call a "simple description." These are just sentences with a subject and a description:

• The house is big.
• The car is red.
• The chair is wide.
• The kid is tall.

In Chamorro we use the pattern: description + article

+ subject. (The definite article is "i".) So, here's how we would say the above simple descriptions the Chamorro way:

• Big "i" house.
• Red "i" car.
• Wide "i" chair.
• Tall "i" kid.

To say them completely in Chamorro, we'd say:

• Dånkolo i gima'.
• Agaga' i kareta.
• Fedda' i siya.
• Lokka' i patgon.

When the subject is a proper name, the structure remains the same. The only difference is that we change the article to "si." Here are some examples:

• Maria is pretty. ==> Pretty "si" Maria. ==> Bonita si Maria.
• John is skinny. ==> Skinny "si" John. ==> Dalalai si John (Juan).
• Joe is tall ==> Tall "si" Joe. ==> Lokka' si Joe (Jose).
• Rosa is sick. ==> Sick "si" Rosa. ==> Målångu si Rosa.